Wednesday, June 15, 2016

Learn Arabic Alphabet

Learn the Arabic letters easily using our interactive animated lessons and a 500 years old method of teaching the Arabic letters in Europe. We have five years of experience in teaching and tutoring the Arabic letters with the help of twenty interactive animated lessons intended for all ages. These lessons help you to learn the Arabic alphabet at home with ease and without having to take various courses. Ans we have to say that knowing the Arabic alphabet is the foundation stone of the Arabic language learning.






Learn Arabic Alphabet


Learn the Arabic letters easily using our interactive animated lessons and a 500 years old method of teaching the Arabic letters in Europe. We have five years of experience in teaching and tutoring the Arabic letters with the help of twenty interactive animated lessons intended for all ages. These lessons help you to learn the Arabic alphabet at home with ease and without having to take various courses. Ans we have to say that knowing the Arabic alphabet is the foundation stone of the Arabic language learning.

>>ARABIC ALPHABET BOOK<<
This method of teaching the Arabic alphabet is based on the longstanding experience of the Bosnian Muslims. As an European nation, since the arrival of Islam in Europe, they had the need to read the Arabic letters and understand the Arabic language in which the Muslim’s most sacred book, the Qur’an, was written. Because of this, a 500 years old method, which has proven to be very successful, was born. It was improved and transfered through textbooks of various educational institutions in the Balkans, and in the last 100 years explicitly through the educational institutions of the Islam Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Just in this period this method has reached it’s top because it is especially adjusted to all ages thus giving great results in children 7-12 years old and in adults, as well as in older adults who have reached the latest years of their lives. According to this method thousands of children learn the Arabic letters in the Educational institutions of the Islam Community in Bosnia nad Herzegovina, and also a large number of adults attend Arabic letter courses taught by the local imams  in their mosques. The experience has shown that you need several weeks to learn the Arabic letters using this method, depending on the individual abilities of the learner. The ones who learn the Arabic alphabet using this method, will not only  be able to read the Qur’an fluently, but will have a solid base to continue their learning of the Arabic language and take part in modern communication. This method pays speciall attention to the correct pronunciation and writing of the Arabic letters, which makes it ideal not only for the Muslims but for other people who have the need or desire to learn the Arabic letters. Today we present you this method in its most modern form containing interactive animated lessons with sound, which allow you to master the Arabic alphabet from home using your computer.
Basic notes:
–    The Arabic letters are written and read from the right to the left.
–    The consist of symbols completely different from the English alphabet.
–    The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters, consonants (harfs).
–    It has three short vocals (fetha, kesra, damma) i.e. short E, I, U.
–    The vocals are written above or beneath the consonant.
–    There are three long vocals: A, long U and long I.
–    There are no capital letters or small letters
–    Certain consonants are being joined only from the right side, and some from both sides.
–    The consonants in a word are written together Kor separately, which depends on thir characteristics.
–    It is necessary to distinguish the look of the consonants, when it is alone, in the middle, or at the end of the word.


The letters or Alphabet are as bellows...............



Common hijā’ī order
ي و ه ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا
y w h n m l k q f gh sh s z r dh d kh j th t b ā











For better alphabatic solution and language assistance visit this wiki page.
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French Alphabet for French learners and beginners

The French alphabet is based on the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, uppercase and lowercase, with five diacritics and two orthographic ligatures.
  
Alphabet

 

Letter Name Name (IPA)  Diacritics and ligatures
A a /ɑ/ Àà, Ââ, Ææ
B /be/
C /se/ Çç
D /de/
E e /ə/ Éé, Èè, Êê, Ëë
F effe /ɛf/
G /ʒe/
H ache /aʃ/
I i /i/ Îî, Ïï
J ji /ʒi/
K ka /kɑ/
L elle /ɛl/
M emme /ɛm/
N enne /ɛn/
O o /o/ Ôô, Œœ
P /pe/
Q qu /ky/
R erre /ɛʁ/
S esse /ɛs/
T /te/
U u /y/ Ùù, Ûû, Üü
V /ve/
W double vé /dubləve/
X ixe /iks/
Y i grec /iɡʁɛk/ Ÿÿ
Z zède /zɛd/


All the letters are listed above but if you want more details on this you can go to the link here-
For

Consonants and combinations of consonant letters and Vowels and combinations of vowel letters scroll bellow: 


Consonants and combinations of consonant letters

Spelling Major value
(IPA)
Examples of major value Minor values
(IPA)
Examples of minor value Exceptions
-bs, -cs (in the plural of words ending in
silent b or c), -ds, -fs (in œufs and bœufs,
and words ending with silent -f in the singular), ‑gs, -ps, -ts
plombs, blancs, prends, œufs, cerfs, longs, draps, achats


b, bb elsewhere /b/ ballon, abbé


finally /b/ Jacob

∅ plomb, Colomb
ç /s/ ça, garçon, reçu


c before e, i, y /s/ cyclone, loquace, douce, ciel, ceux


initially/medially elsewhere /k/ cabas, crasse, cœur, sac /s/ cœlacanthe /g/ second
finally /k/ lac, donc tabac, blanc, caoutchouc
cc before e, i, y /ks/ accès


elsewhere /k/ accord


ch /ʃ/ chat, douche /k/ chaotique, chlore ∅ yacht, almanach
-ct elsewhere /kt/ direct, correct

∅ respect, suspect
after a nasal vowel instinct, succinct


d, dd elsewhere /d/ doux, adresse, addition


finally pied, accord /d/ David
f, ff /f/ fait, affoler, soif

∅ clef, cerf, nerf
g before e, i, y /ʒ/ gens, manger


initially/medially elsewhere /ɡ/ gain, glacier


finally joug, long, sang /g/ zigzag
gg before e, i, y // suggérer


elsewhere /g/ aggraver


gn /ɲ/ montagne, agneau

/gn/ gnou
h habite, hiver


j /ʒ/ joue, jeter

// jean, jazz
/x/ jota
k /k/ alkyler, kilomètre, bifteck

∅ skunks
l, ll /l/ lait, allier, il, royal, matériel ∅ (occasionally finally) cul, fusil, saoul
m, mm /m/ mou, pomme

∅ automne, condamner
n, nn /n/ nouvel, panne


ng (in loanwords) /ŋ/ parking, camping


p, pp elsewhere /p/ pain, appel


finally coup, trop /p/ cap, cep
ph /f/ téléphone, photo


-pt /pt/ concept

/t/ sept, compter, baptême
r, rr /ʁ/ rat, barre

∅ monsieur (see also -er)
s initially
medially next to a consonant
or after a nasal vowel
/s/ sacre, estime, penser, instituer

/z/ transat, transiter
elsewhere between two vowels /z/ rose, paysage


finally dans, repas /s/ fils
sc before e, i, y /s/ science


elsewhere /sk/ script


ss /s/ baisser, passer


t, tt elsewhere /t/ tout, attente


finally tant, raffut /t/ est (direction), yaourt
th /t/ thème, thermique, aneth

∅ asthme, bizuth
v /v/ ville, vanne


w /w/ kiwi, week-end, whisky /v/ wagon /u/ cowboy
x initially /ks/ xylophone /ɡz/ xénophobie /k/ or /ks/ xérès, xhosa
next to
a voiceless consonant
/ks/ expansion


medially elsewhere /ɡz/ exigence, exulter /s/
/z/
/ks/
soixante
deuxième
galaxi.e.

finally paix, deux /ks/ index, pharynx /s/ six, dix, coccyx
xc before e, i, y /ks/ exciter


elsewhere /ksk/ excaviation


z elsewhere /z/ zain, gazette


finally chez

/z/ gaz

 

Vowels and combinations of vowel letters

Spelling Major value
(IPA)
Examples of major value Minor values
(IPA)
Examples of minor value Exceptions
a, à /a/ patte, arable, là /ɑ/ araser, base /ɔ/ yacht
â /ɑ/ château


ai /ɛ/
/e/
vrai, faite
baisser, aiguille


/ə/ faisons, and all other conjugated forms of faire which are spelt fais- and followed by a vowel.
/ɛ/ mtre, chne


/ai/ nf, hr


aie /ɛ/ baie


aou, aoû /au/ caoutchouc, aoûtien, yaourt /u/ saoul, août
au /o/ haut, augure /ɔ/ restaurant, sauropode, dinosaure
ay elsewhere /ɛj/ ayons, essayer

/ei/ pays (also /ɛi/)
/aj/ mayonnaise, papaye
finally /ɛ/ Gamay, margay, railway

/e/ okay
aye /ɛi/ abbaye

/ɛ/ La Haye
/aj/ baye
e elsewhere /ə/ repeser, genoux

/a/ femme, fréquemment, solennel
before two or more consonants
(including double consonants),
x (in all cases), or
a final consonant (silent or pronounced)
/ɛ/ est, estival, voyelle, examiner, exécuter, quel, chalet /e/ essence, effet, henné /e/ mangez, and any form of a verb in the second person plural that ends in -ez.
in monosyllabic words before a silent consonant /e/ et, les, nez, clef

/ɛ/ es
finally
in a position where
it can be easily elided
Ø caisse, unique, acheter, franchement /ə/ (finally in monosyllabic words) que, de, je /ə/ secret, grenouille, recevoir
é, ée /e/ clé, échapper, idée /ɛ/ événement, céderai, vénerie
è /ɛ/ relève, zèle


ê /ɛ/ tête, crêpe, forêt, prêt


eau /o/ eau, oiseaux


ei /ɛ/ neige, reine


/ɛ/ rtre


eu phonologically finally
before /z/
/ø/ heureux, peu, chanteuse

/y/ eu, and any conjugated form of avoir spelt with an eu-.
elsewhere /œ/ beurre, jeune /ø/ feutre, neutre
/ø/ jne

/y/, t, and any conjugated form of avoir spelt with an eû-.
i elsewhere /i/ ici, proscrire


before vowel /j/ fief, ionique, rien


î /i/ gîte, épître


ï (initially or between vowels) /j/ ïambe, aïeul, païen

/i/ ouïe
-i.e. /i/ régie


o phonologically finally /o/ pro, mot, gros


before /z/ /o/ chose, déposes, oser, apozème


elsewhere /ɔ/ carotte, offre /o/ cyclone, fosse, tome
ô /o/ tôt, cône


œ /œ/ œil /e/ œsophage
oe /oe/ coefficient

/wa/ moelle, moellon
/we/ moelleux
/wa/ ple


/ɔɛ/ Nl

/ɔe/ can
œu /œ/ sœur, cœur /ø/ nœud, œufs, bœufs, vœu
oi, oie /wa/ roi, oiseau, foie, trois, noix

/ɔ/ oignon
/oi/ ct, astérde


ou elsewhere /u/ ouvrir, sous


before vowel /w/ ouest, couiner, oui


/u/ ct, gt


-oue /u/ roue


oy /waj/ moyen, royaume

/ɔj/ goyave, cow-boy
u elsewhere /y/ tu, juge


before vowel /ɥ/ huit, tuer

/w/ cacahuète
û /y/ sûr, flûte


ue elsewhere /ɥɛ/ actuel


after c, g /œ/ cueillir, orgueil


finally /y/ rue


y elsewhere /i/ cyclone, style


initially before vowel /j/ yeux, yole


 

Combinations of vowel and consonant letters

Spelling Major value
(IPA)
Examples of major value Minor values
(IPA)
Examples of minor value Exceptions
am, an (before consonant or finally) /ɑ̃/ ambiance, France

/am/ Viêt-Nam
aen (before consonant or finally) /ɑ̃/ Caen


aim, ain (before consonant or finally) /ɛ̃/ faim, saint, bains


aon (before consonant or finally) /ɑ̃/ paon /aɔ̃/ pharaon
cqu /k/ acquit, acquéreur


-cte (as the feminine adjective ending for words ending in a silent "ct" (see above)) /t/ succincte


em, en (before consonant or finally elsewhere) /ɑ̃/ embaucher, vent /ɛ̃/ examen /ɛm/ totem
em, en (before consonant or finally after é, i, or y) /ɛ̃/ européen, bien, doyen /ɑ̃/ (before t or soft c) patient, quotient, science, audience
ein (before consonant or finally) /ɛ̃/ plein, sein


-ent (3rd person plural ending) Ø parlent, finissaient


-er /e/ aller, transporter /ɛʁ/ hiver, super, éther
-es Ø Nantes, faites /e/, /ɛ/
/ez/ (in liaison)
les, des, es
les attaques

eun (before consonant or finally) /œ̃/ jeun


ge (before vowel) /ʒ/ geai, mangea


gu /ɡ/ guerre, dingue /ɡɥ/ aiguille, linguistique, ambiguïté
-ien (before consonant or finally) /jɛ̃/ bien, bientôt, chrétien, combien, rien


-il (after vowel)  /j/ ail, conseil


-il (not after vowel) /il/ il, fil /i/ outil, fils, fusil
-ill- (after vowel) /j/ paille, nouille


-ill- (not after vowel) /ij/ grillage, bille /il/ mille, million, billion, ville, villa, village, tranquille
im, in (before consonant or finally) /ɛ̃/ importer, vin

/in/ sprint
oin (before consonant or finally) /wɛ̃/ point


om, on (before consonant or finally) /ɔ̃/ ombre, bon

/ə/ Monsieur
qu /k/ quand, pourquoi /kɥ/
/kw/
équilatéral
aquarium, loquace, quatuor

ti + vowel (after s, x, or in first position) /tj bastion, gestionnaire, tiens, aquae-sextien


ti + vowel (medially elsewhere) /sj attention, fonctionnaire, initiation /tj/ pitié, augmentions, partiez,
and all conjugated forms of verbs with
a radical ending in -t or derived from tenir 

uil /ɥil/ huile, tuile /il/ (after g or q) équilibre 
uin (before consonant or finally) /ɥɛ̃/ juin


um, un (before consonant or finally) /œ̃/ parfum, brun /ɔm/ album, maximum /ɔ̃/ punch
ym, yn (before consonant or finally) /ɛ̃/ sympa, syndrome /im/ gymnase, hymne
The French Tutorial can make you learn the pronunciation and the whole language very well too.
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German Alphabet and Orthography

The modern German alphabet consists of the twenty-six letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet:

Alphabet


Name (IPA)                                 Spelling alphabet

a /aː/ Anton
B b /beː/ Berta
C c /t͡seː/ Cäsar
D d /deː/ Dora
E e /eː/ Emil
F f /ɛf/ Friedrich
G g /ɡeː/ Gustav
H h /haː/ Heinrich
I i /iː/ Ida
J j /jɔt/; in Austria /jeː/ Julius
K k /kaː/ Kaufmann; in Austria Konrad
L l /ɛl/ Ludwig
M m /ɛm/ Martha
N n /ɛn/ Nordpol
O o /oː/ Otto
P p /peː/ Paula
Q q /kuː/; in Austria /kveː/ Quelle
R r /ɛʁ/ Richard
S s /ɛs/ Samuel; in Austria Siegfried
T t /teː/ Theodor
U u /uː/ Ulrich
V v /faʊ̯/ Viktor
W w /veː/ Wilhelm
X x /ɪks/ Xanthippe; in Austria Xaver
Y y /ˈʏpsilɔn/; in Austria /ʏˈpsiːlɔn/ Ypsilon
Z z /t͡sɛt/ Zacharias; in Austria Zürich

  

Special characters

The bellow are Special characters

 

 Name (IPA)                      Spelling alphabet





Ä ä /ɛː/ Ärger
Ö ö /øː/ Ökonom; in Austria Österreich
Ü ü /yː/ Übermut; in Austria Übel

ß       Eszett: /ɛsˈt͡sɛt/
      scharfes S: /ˈʃaʁfəs ɛs/
 Eszett; in Austria and Southern Germany Scharfes S

 Fore more details and practicing better go through wikipedia article here



AlphabetPronunciationGerman Word (With translation)
AAhArm (arm)
BBehBaby (baby)
CTsehCelsius (celsius)
DDehDebatte (debate)
EEhEskimo (eskimo)
FEffFamilie (family)
GGehGold (gold)
HHahHaus (house)
IIhIdee (idea)
JYottJanuar (january)
KKahKaffee (coffee)
LEllLampe (lamp)
MEmmMutter (mother)
NEnnNase (nose)
OOhOzean (ocean)
PPehPause (pause)
QKuhQuiz (quiz)
RErrRegen (rain)
SEssSalami (salami)
TTehTelefon (telephone)
UUhUhr (clock)
VFauVater (father)
WVehWilkommen (welcome)
XIksX-Beine (knock-knees)
YYpsilonYoga (yoga)
ZTzettZombie (zombie)

UmlautApproximate English SoundGerman Example
ÄcatMädchen (girl)
ÄcatKäse (cheese)
ÖturnÖffnung (opening)
Öturnschön (nice)
ÜJerusalemfünf (five)
ÜJerusalemTür (door)


For German language learning  you can visit German Language Learning Website- German Alphabet shown here only.

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Tuesday, June 14, 2016

Spanish alphabet (alfabeto español)

A a B b C c Ch ch D d E e F f G g H h I i
a be ce   che de       e   efe    ge hache      i
J j K k L l Ll ll M m N n Ñ ñ O o P p Q q
jota ka ele   elle eme     ene eñe     o pe cu
R r S s T t U u V v W w X x   Y y Z z
erre 
 
ese
 
te
 
  u
 
uveuve doble
doble u
doble ve
equis
 
i   griega
      ye
   zeta
 









Pronunciation of European Spanish 
Pronunciation of European Spanish
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Monday, June 13, 2016

The Origin of Print Culture


The shift to alphabetic writing made widespread literacy more attainable. It became easier to learn how to write and, perhaps more important, easier to learn how to read. With a writing system that could easily represent spoken language, it became possible to conceive of recording a lecture, a political speech, or a plan of action. Those permanent records led to many changes in society. It overstates the case to mark the beginning of history by the beginning of an alphabet. Nevertheless, the movement from
the oral narratives of Homer's day to the formal historical analysis of Herodotus and Thucydides depended on having the efficient, widely used writing system that the Greek alphabet provided. It is a similar overstatement to link the beginning of formal education, as in Plato's Academy, to the creation of an alphabet. Yet it is no accident that people speak of learning the ABCs; the modern educational system depends on alphabetic writing. Others have traced the origins of literature, philosophy, government,and science to the creation of alphabetic writing systems.


In the fifteenth century, the printing press was invented in Europe. Although a printing press had been developed in China, Johannes Gutenberg's innovation was to combine the press with typography, a technology that itself depended on an alphabetic system of writing. The possibility of wide dissemination of texts reshaped the church
and the academy, extending a process of alphabetization that had begun more than twenty-five hundred years earlier. 


A key aspect throughout this process of developing alphabets was the ability to represent knowledge in both permanent and mobile forms. As Bruno Latour (1988) argues, this made possible the development of both modern science and the Western European imperialist movement. The alphabet was a key element, facilitating
typographic printing, which in turn allowed the easy reproduction of texts.


The great flowering of Greek culture appeared shortly after the adoption of alphabetic writing. Later, the Roman culture blossomed following its adoption of the alphabet from the Etruscans. Then, the full realization of the alphabet is observed through the printing press, which predates the Renaissance of these classic cultures. It is thus easy to adopt the innovation-driven view that the alphabet was necessary for, or even caused, these great changes in history. In The Literate Mind (1998), Jens Brockmeier cautions people about this kind of reasoning. He argues that before an alphabet can have the powerful effects attributed to it, there must be a literate mind ready to accept it and make use of it. More generally, that caution should lead people to be skeptical about any simple, one-step model of social change. Alphabets have certainly made a difference in the development of print culture, but it is necessary to look carefully at the processes of change to see the relations among literacy tools (such as alphabets), literacy practices, social organization, and literate modes of thought. 
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English Alphabet || capital letters and small letters in English


English is one of the most popular languages in the world. It is used in most of the countries as second language or official language. It has become the way of communication for people around the globe. Bellow are the English Aplphabet:






1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
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