Monday, August 29, 2016

Gujrati Language's Alphabet for Gujrati Learners

Gujarātī  

Gujarātī is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 46 million people in the Indian states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh, and also in Bangladesh, Fiji, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman, Pakistan, Réunion, Singapore, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, United Kingdom, USA, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Gujarātī script

The Gujarātī script was adapted from the Devanāgarī script to write the Gujarātī language. The earliest known document in the Gujarātī script is a manuscript dating from 1592, and the script first appeared in print in a 1797 advertisement. Until the 19th century it was used mainly for writing letters and keeping accounts, while the Devanāgarī script was used for literature and academic writings.

Notable Features

  • The Gujarātī script is also known as the śarāphi (banker's), vāṇiāśāi (merchant's) or mahājani (trader's) script.
  • Gujarātī is a syllabic alphabet in that consonants all have an inherent vowel.
  • Vowels can be written as independent letters, or by using a variety of diacritical marks which are written above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to.
  • Used to write: Gujarātī and Kutchi

Vowels and vowel diacritics

Gujarati vowels and vowel diacritics with pa 

 

Gujarati consonants 

 

A selection of conjunct consonants 

 

Gujarati numerals 

 

Downloads

Download Gujarati alphabet charts in Excel (includes all conjuncts), Word or PDF format

Sample text in Gujarātī

Sample text in Gujarati
Transliteration
Pratiṣṭhā anē adikhārōnī dr̥ṣṭinē sarvē mānavō janmathī svatantra anē samān hōy chē. Tēmanāmāṁ vicārśakti anē antaḥkaraṇ hōy chē anē tēmaṇē paraspar bandhutvanī vartavuṁ jōiē.

Translation

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Thanks to Arvind Iyengar for providing the sample text.


Links

Information about Gujarati
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language
Online Gujarati courses
http://www.ukindia.com/zguj1.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNEheU_YJAI
http://mylanguages.org/gujarati_audio.php
http://www.languagereef.com/lr/
http://learn101.org/gujarati.php
http://learn-gujarati-from-english.blogspot.com
http://polymath.org/gujarati.php
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCixgUA30ZWemExcuaes1Bvw
Online Gujarati lexicon - dictionary, thesaurus, idioms, spellchecker
http://www.gujaratilexicon.com
Gujarati phrases
http://utopianvision.co.uk/gujarati/phrases/
http://iguide.travel/Gujarati_phrasebook/Phrase_List
http://www.masteranylanguage.com/cgi/f/rView.pl?pc=MALGujarati&tc=CommonPhrases&vm=fc&la=&sw=1
http://www.languageshome.com/English-Gujarati.htm
http://www.gujaratilexicon.com
Gujarati numbers
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Gujarati/Numbers
http://kids.baps.org/gujarati/numbers/index.htm
http://mylanguages.org/gujarati_numbers.php
http://learn-gujarati-from-english.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/numbers-in-gujarati-part-1.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcQLQ5f7K9s
Free Gujarati fonts
http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Gujarati.html
http://www.fototext.com/download.htm
Gujarati Language and Literature
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/gujarati/
Online Gujarati news
http://www.gujaratsamachar.com
http://www.sambhaav.com
http://www.sandesh.com
http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in

 Source.

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Tuesday, August 23, 2016

Letters of the Hindi Alphabet

Hindi (हिन्दी)

Hindi is an Indo-Aryan language with about 545 million speakers, 425 million of whom are native speakers. It is one of the official languages of India and is the main language used in the northern states of Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar, and is spoken in much of north and central India alongside other languages such as Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi or Bengali. In other parts of India, as well as in Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, Hindi is understood, and there is a significant number of Hindi speakers in South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago and Nepal. In Fiji people of Indian origin speak Hindi, and in some areas the Fijian people also speak it.

Hindi at a glance

  • Native name: हिन्दी (Hindī)
  • Linguistic affliation: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central Zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani, Khariboli
  • Number of speakers: 545 million
  • Spoken in: India, Nepal, Fiji, South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago and Nepal
  • First written: 4th century AD
  • Writing system: Devanāgarī script (देवनागरी), Brahmi script
  • Status: Official language and national language of the Federal Government of India; official language of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand states.
Hindi is closely related to Urdu, the main language of Pakistan, which is written with the Arabic script, and linguists consider Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu to be different formal registers both derived from the Khari Boli dialect, which is also known as Hindustani. Apart from the difference in writing systems, the other main difference between Hindi and Urdu is that Hindi contains more vocabulary from Sanskrit, while Urdu contains more vocabulary from Persian. At an informal spoken level there are few significant differences between Urdu and Hindi and they could be considered varieties a single language.
Hindi first started to be used in writing during the 4th century AD. It was originally written with the Brahmi script but since the 11th century AD it has been written with the Devanāgarī alphabet. The first printed book in Hindi was John Gilchrist's Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language which was published in 1796.



Source of contents and credits............ Omniglot
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Wednesday, June 15, 2016

Learn Arabic Alphabet

Learn the Arabic letters easily using our interactive animated lessons and a 500 years old method of teaching the Arabic letters in Europe. We have five years of experience in teaching and tutoring the Arabic letters with the help of twenty interactive animated lessons intended for all ages. These lessons help you to learn the Arabic alphabet at home with ease and without having to take various courses. Ans we have to say that knowing the Arabic alphabet is the foundation stone of the Arabic language learning.






Learn Arabic Alphabet


Learn the Arabic letters easily using our interactive animated lessons and a 500 years old method of teaching the Arabic letters in Europe. We have five years of experience in teaching and tutoring the Arabic letters with the help of twenty interactive animated lessons intended for all ages. These lessons help you to learn the Arabic alphabet at home with ease and without having to take various courses. Ans we have to say that knowing the Arabic alphabet is the foundation stone of the Arabic language learning.

>>ARABIC ALPHABET BOOK<<
This method of teaching the Arabic alphabet is based on the longstanding experience of the Bosnian Muslims. As an European nation, since the arrival of Islam in Europe, they had the need to read the Arabic letters and understand the Arabic language in which the Muslim’s most sacred book, the Qur’an, was written. Because of this, a 500 years old method, which has proven to be very successful, was born. It was improved and transfered through textbooks of various educational institutions in the Balkans, and in the last 100 years explicitly through the educational institutions of the Islam Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Just in this period this method has reached it’s top because it is especially adjusted to all ages thus giving great results in children 7-12 years old and in adults, as well as in older adults who have reached the latest years of their lives. According to this method thousands of children learn the Arabic letters in the Educational institutions of the Islam Community in Bosnia nad Herzegovina, and also a large number of adults attend Arabic letter courses taught by the local imams  in their mosques. The experience has shown that you need several weeks to learn the Arabic letters using this method, depending on the individual abilities of the learner. The ones who learn the Arabic alphabet using this method, will not only  be able to read the Qur’an fluently, but will have a solid base to continue their learning of the Arabic language and take part in modern communication. This method pays speciall attention to the correct pronunciation and writing of the Arabic letters, which makes it ideal not only for the Muslims but for other people who have the need or desire to learn the Arabic letters. Today we present you this method in its most modern form containing interactive animated lessons with sound, which allow you to master the Arabic alphabet from home using your computer.
Basic notes:
–    The Arabic letters are written and read from the right to the left.
–    The consist of symbols completely different from the English alphabet.
–    The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters, consonants (harfs).
–    It has three short vocals (fetha, kesra, damma) i.e. short E, I, U.
–    The vocals are written above or beneath the consonant.
–    There are three long vocals: A, long U and long I.
–    There are no capital letters or small letters
–    Certain consonants are being joined only from the right side, and some from both sides.
–    The consonants in a word are written together Kor separately, which depends on thir characteristics.
–    It is necessary to distinguish the look of the consonants, when it is alone, in the middle, or at the end of the word.


The letters or Alphabet are as bellows...............



Common hijā’ī order
ي و ه ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا
y w h n m l k q f gh sh s z r dh d kh j th t b ā











For better alphabatic solution and language assistance visit this wiki page.
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French Alphabet for French learners and beginners

The French alphabet is based on the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, uppercase and lowercase, with five diacritics and two orthographic ligatures.
  
Alphabet

 

Letter Name Name (IPA)  Diacritics and ligatures
A a /ɑ/ Àà, Ââ, Ææ
B /be/
C /se/ Çç
D /de/
E e /ə/ Éé, Èè, Êê, Ëë
F effe /ɛf/
G /ʒe/
H ache /aʃ/
I i /i/ Îî, Ïï
J ji /ʒi/
K ka /kɑ/
L elle /ɛl/
M emme /ɛm/
N enne /ɛn/
O o /o/ Ôô, Œœ
P /pe/
Q qu /ky/
R erre /ɛʁ/
S esse /ɛs/
T /te/
U u /y/ Ùù, Ûû, Üü
V /ve/
W double vé /dubləve/
X ixe /iks/
Y i grec /iɡʁɛk/ Ÿÿ
Z zède /zɛd/


All the letters are listed above but if you want more details on this you can go to the link here-
For

Consonants and combinations of consonant letters and Vowels and combinations of vowel letters scroll bellow: 


Consonants and combinations of consonant letters

Spelling Major value
(IPA)
Examples of major value Minor values
(IPA)
Examples of minor value Exceptions
-bs, -cs (in the plural of words ending in
silent b or c), -ds, -fs (in œufs and bœufs,
and words ending with silent -f in the singular), ‑gs, -ps, -ts
plombs, blancs, prends, œufs, cerfs, longs, draps, achats


b, bb elsewhere /b/ ballon, abbé


finally /b/ Jacob

∅ plomb, Colomb
ç /s/ ça, garçon, reçu


c before e, i, y /s/ cyclone, loquace, douce, ciel, ceux


initially/medially elsewhere /k/ cabas, crasse, cœur, sac /s/ cœlacanthe /g/ second
finally /k/ lac, donc tabac, blanc, caoutchouc
cc before e, i, y /ks/ accès


elsewhere /k/ accord


ch /ʃ/ chat, douche /k/ chaotique, chlore ∅ yacht, almanach
-ct elsewhere /kt/ direct, correct

∅ respect, suspect
after a nasal vowel instinct, succinct


d, dd elsewhere /d/ doux, adresse, addition


finally pied, accord /d/ David
f, ff /f/ fait, affoler, soif

∅ clef, cerf, nerf
g before e, i, y /ʒ/ gens, manger


initially/medially elsewhere /ɡ/ gain, glacier


finally joug, long, sang /g/ zigzag
gg before e, i, y // suggérer


elsewhere /g/ aggraver


gn /ɲ/ montagne, agneau

/gn/ gnou
h habite, hiver


j /ʒ/ joue, jeter

// jean, jazz
/x/ jota
k /k/ alkyler, kilomètre, bifteck

∅ skunks
l, ll /l/ lait, allier, il, royal, matériel ∅ (occasionally finally) cul, fusil, saoul
m, mm /m/ mou, pomme

∅ automne, condamner
n, nn /n/ nouvel, panne


ng (in loanwords) /ŋ/ parking, camping


p, pp elsewhere /p/ pain, appel


finally coup, trop /p/ cap, cep
ph /f/ téléphone, photo


-pt /pt/ concept

/t/ sept, compter, baptême
r, rr /ʁ/ rat, barre

∅ monsieur (see also -er)
s initially
medially next to a consonant
or after a nasal vowel
/s/ sacre, estime, penser, instituer

/z/ transat, transiter
elsewhere between two vowels /z/ rose, paysage


finally dans, repas /s/ fils
sc before e, i, y /s/ science


elsewhere /sk/ script


ss /s/ baisser, passer


t, tt elsewhere /t/ tout, attente


finally tant, raffut /t/ est (direction), yaourt
th /t/ thème, thermique, aneth

∅ asthme, bizuth
v /v/ ville, vanne


w /w/ kiwi, week-end, whisky /v/ wagon /u/ cowboy
x initially /ks/ xylophone /ɡz/ xénophobie /k/ or /ks/ xérès, xhosa
next to
a voiceless consonant
/ks/ expansion


medially elsewhere /ɡz/ exigence, exulter /s/
/z/
/ks/
soixante
deuxième
galaxi.e.

finally paix, deux /ks/ index, pharynx /s/ six, dix, coccyx
xc before e, i, y /ks/ exciter


elsewhere /ksk/ excaviation


z elsewhere /z/ zain, gazette


finally chez

/z/ gaz

 

Vowels and combinations of vowel letters

Spelling Major value
(IPA)
Examples of major value Minor values
(IPA)
Examples of minor value Exceptions
a, à /a/ patte, arable, là /ɑ/ araser, base /ɔ/ yacht
â /ɑ/ château


ai /ɛ/
/e/
vrai, faite
baisser, aiguille


/ə/ faisons, and all other conjugated forms of faire which are spelt fais- and followed by a vowel.
/ɛ/ mtre, chne


/ai/ nf, hr


aie /ɛ/ baie


aou, aoû /au/ caoutchouc, aoûtien, yaourt /u/ saoul, août
au /o/ haut, augure /ɔ/ restaurant, sauropode, dinosaure
ay elsewhere /ɛj/ ayons, essayer

/ei/ pays (also /ɛi/)
/aj/ mayonnaise, papaye
finally /ɛ/ Gamay, margay, railway

/e/ okay
aye /ɛi/ abbaye

/ɛ/ La Haye
/aj/ baye
e elsewhere /ə/ repeser, genoux

/a/ femme, fréquemment, solennel
before two or more consonants
(including double consonants),
x (in all cases), or
a final consonant (silent or pronounced)
/ɛ/ est, estival, voyelle, examiner, exécuter, quel, chalet /e/ essence, effet, henné /e/ mangez, and any form of a verb in the second person plural that ends in -ez.
in monosyllabic words before a silent consonant /e/ et, les, nez, clef

/ɛ/ es
finally
in a position where
it can be easily elided
Ø caisse, unique, acheter, franchement /ə/ (finally in monosyllabic words) que, de, je /ə/ secret, grenouille, recevoir
é, ée /e/ clé, échapper, idée /ɛ/ événement, céderai, vénerie
è /ɛ/ relève, zèle


ê /ɛ/ tête, crêpe, forêt, prêt


eau /o/ eau, oiseaux


ei /ɛ/ neige, reine


/ɛ/ rtre


eu phonologically finally
before /z/
/ø/ heureux, peu, chanteuse

/y/ eu, and any conjugated form of avoir spelt with an eu-.
elsewhere /œ/ beurre, jeune /ø/ feutre, neutre
/ø/ jne

/y/, t, and any conjugated form of avoir spelt with an eû-.
i elsewhere /i/ ici, proscrire


before vowel /j/ fief, ionique, rien


î /i/ gîte, épître


ï (initially or between vowels) /j/ ïambe, aïeul, païen

/i/ ouïe
-i.e. /i/ régie


o phonologically finally /o/ pro, mot, gros


before /z/ /o/ chose, déposes, oser, apozème


elsewhere /ɔ/ carotte, offre /o/ cyclone, fosse, tome
ô /o/ tôt, cône


œ /œ/ œil /e/ œsophage
oe /oe/ coefficient

/wa/ moelle, moellon
/we/ moelleux
/wa/ ple


/ɔɛ/ Nl

/ɔe/ can
œu /œ/ sœur, cœur /ø/ nœud, œufs, bœufs, vœu
oi, oie /wa/ roi, oiseau, foie, trois, noix

/ɔ/ oignon
/oi/ ct, astérde


ou elsewhere /u/ ouvrir, sous


before vowel /w/ ouest, couiner, oui


/u/ ct, gt


-oue /u/ roue


oy /waj/ moyen, royaume

/ɔj/ goyave, cow-boy
u elsewhere /y/ tu, juge


before vowel /ɥ/ huit, tuer

/w/ cacahuète
û /y/ sûr, flûte


ue elsewhere /ɥɛ/ actuel


after c, g /œ/ cueillir, orgueil


finally /y/ rue


y elsewhere /i/ cyclone, style


initially before vowel /j/ yeux, yole


 

Combinations of vowel and consonant letters

Spelling Major value
(IPA)
Examples of major value Minor values
(IPA)
Examples of minor value Exceptions
am, an (before consonant or finally) /ɑ̃/ ambiance, France

/am/ Viêt-Nam
aen (before consonant or finally) /ɑ̃/ Caen


aim, ain (before consonant or finally) /ɛ̃/ faim, saint, bains


aon (before consonant or finally) /ɑ̃/ paon /aɔ̃/ pharaon
cqu /k/ acquit, acquéreur


-cte (as the feminine adjective ending for words ending in a silent "ct" (see above)) /t/ succincte


em, en (before consonant or finally elsewhere) /ɑ̃/ embaucher, vent /ɛ̃/ examen /ɛm/ totem
em, en (before consonant or finally after é, i, or y) /ɛ̃/ européen, bien, doyen /ɑ̃/ (before t or soft c) patient, quotient, science, audience
ein (before consonant or finally) /ɛ̃/ plein, sein


-ent (3rd person plural ending) Ø parlent, finissaient


-er /e/ aller, transporter /ɛʁ/ hiver, super, éther
-es Ø Nantes, faites /e/, /ɛ/
/ez/ (in liaison)
les, des, es
les attaques

eun (before consonant or finally) /œ̃/ jeun


ge (before vowel) /ʒ/ geai, mangea


gu /ɡ/ guerre, dingue /ɡɥ/ aiguille, linguistique, ambiguïté
-ien (before consonant or finally) /jɛ̃/ bien, bientôt, chrétien, combien, rien


-il (after vowel)  /j/ ail, conseil


-il (not after vowel) /il/ il, fil /i/ outil, fils, fusil
-ill- (after vowel) /j/ paille, nouille


-ill- (not after vowel) /ij/ grillage, bille /il/ mille, million, billion, ville, villa, village, tranquille
im, in (before consonant or finally) /ɛ̃/ importer, vin

/in/ sprint
oin (before consonant or finally) /wɛ̃/ point


om, on (before consonant or finally) /ɔ̃/ ombre, bon

/ə/ Monsieur
qu /k/ quand, pourquoi /kɥ/
/kw/
équilatéral
aquarium, loquace, quatuor

ti + vowel (after s, x, or in first position) /tj bastion, gestionnaire, tiens, aquae-sextien


ti + vowel (medially elsewhere) /sj attention, fonctionnaire, initiation /tj/ pitié, augmentions, partiez,
and all conjugated forms of verbs with
a radical ending in -t or derived from tenir 

uil /ɥil/ huile, tuile /il/ (after g or q) équilibre 
uin (before consonant or finally) /ɥɛ̃/ juin


um, un (before consonant or finally) /œ̃/ parfum, brun /ɔm/ album, maximum /ɔ̃/ punch
ym, yn (before consonant or finally) /ɛ̃/ sympa, syndrome /im/ gymnase, hymne
The French Tutorial can make you learn the pronunciation and the whole language very well too.
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German Alphabet and Orthography

The modern German alphabet consists of the twenty-six letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet:

Alphabet


Name (IPA)                                 Spelling alphabet

a /aː/ Anton
B b /beː/ Berta
C c /t͡seː/ Cäsar
D d /deː/ Dora
E e /eː/ Emil
F f /ɛf/ Friedrich
G g /ɡeː/ Gustav
H h /haː/ Heinrich
I i /iː/ Ida
J j /jɔt/; in Austria /jeː/ Julius
K k /kaː/ Kaufmann; in Austria Konrad
L l /ɛl/ Ludwig
M m /ɛm/ Martha
N n /ɛn/ Nordpol
O o /oː/ Otto
P p /peː/ Paula
Q q /kuː/; in Austria /kveː/ Quelle
R r /ɛʁ/ Richard
S s /ɛs/ Samuel; in Austria Siegfried
T t /teː/ Theodor
U u /uː/ Ulrich
V v /faʊ̯/ Viktor
W w /veː/ Wilhelm
X x /ɪks/ Xanthippe; in Austria Xaver
Y y /ˈʏpsilɔn/; in Austria /ʏˈpsiːlɔn/ Ypsilon
Z z /t͡sɛt/ Zacharias; in Austria Zürich

  

Special characters

The bellow are Special characters

 

 Name (IPA)                      Spelling alphabet





Ä ä /ɛː/ Ärger
Ö ö /øː/ Ökonom; in Austria Österreich
Ü ü /yː/ Übermut; in Austria Übel

ß       Eszett: /ɛsˈt͡sɛt/
      scharfes S: /ˈʃaʁfəs ɛs/
 Eszett; in Austria and Southern Germany Scharfes S

 Fore more details and practicing better go through wikipedia article here



AlphabetPronunciationGerman Word (With translation)
AAhArm (arm)
BBehBaby (baby)
CTsehCelsius (celsius)
DDehDebatte (debate)
EEhEskimo (eskimo)
FEffFamilie (family)
GGehGold (gold)
HHahHaus (house)
IIhIdee (idea)
JYottJanuar (january)
KKahKaffee (coffee)
LEllLampe (lamp)
MEmmMutter (mother)
NEnnNase (nose)
OOhOzean (ocean)
PPehPause (pause)
QKuhQuiz (quiz)
RErrRegen (rain)
SEssSalami (salami)
TTehTelefon (telephone)
UUhUhr (clock)
VFauVater (father)
WVehWilkommen (welcome)
XIksX-Beine (knock-knees)
YYpsilonYoga (yoga)
ZTzettZombie (zombie)

UmlautApproximate English SoundGerman Example
ÄcatMädchen (girl)
ÄcatKäse (cheese)
ÖturnÖffnung (opening)
Öturnschön (nice)
ÜJerusalemfünf (five)
ÜJerusalemTür (door)


For German language learning  you can visit German Language Learning Website- German Alphabet shown here only.

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Tuesday, June 14, 2016

Spanish alphabet (alfabeto español)

A a B b C c Ch ch D d E e F f G g H h I i
a be ce   che de       e   efe    ge hache      i
J j K k L l Ll ll M m N n Ñ ñ O o P p Q q
jota ka ele   elle eme     ene eñe     o pe cu
R r S s T t U u V v W w X x   Y y Z z
erre 
 
ese
 
te
 
  u
 
uveuve doble
doble u
doble ve
equis
 
i   griega
      ye
   zeta
 









Pronunciation of European Spanish 
Pronunciation of European Spanish
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